Digital Fairness
Commission proposal

Footnotes

European Commission · COM(2026) 1100 final · 11 November 2026

Footnotes 1–32

  1. Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Unfair Commercial Practices Directive’) (OJ L 149, 11.6.2005, p. 22, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2005/29/oj). PDF page 2

  2. Commission Staff Working Document, Fitness Check of EU consumer law on digital fairness, SWD(2024) 230 final, 3.10.2024. PDF page 2

  3. Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 304, 22.11.2011, p. 64, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/83/oj). PDF page 2

  4. Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts (OJ L 95, 21.4.1993, p. 29, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1993/13/oj). PDF page 2

  5. Mission letter of 17 September 2024 from the President of the European Commission to the Commissioner-designate for Democracy, Justice, the Rule of Law and Consumer Protection. PDF page 3

  6. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directives 2011/83/EU and 2002/58/EC as regards simplification of Union consumer protection rules, COM(2026) 1110 final. PDF page 3

  7. Communication from the Commission, 2030 Consumer Agenda and action plan for consumers in the single market, COM(2025) 848 final, 19.11.2025. PDF page 3

  8. Commission work programme 2026, COM(2025) 870 final. PDF page 3

  9. European Parliament resolutions of 12 December 2023 on addictive design of online services and consumer protection (2023/2043(INI)), of 8 May 2025 on the old challenges and new commercial practices in the internal market (2025/2542(RSP), and of 26 November 2025 on the protection of minors online (2025/2060(INI)), P10_TA(2025)0299. PDF page 3

  10. Council conclusions on the 2030 Consumer Agenda, of 26 February 2026, doc. 6634/26. PDF page 3

  11. https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/d833504d-5ec3-4fac-945f-38e7d0bd5326_en?filename=Special-panel-report.pdf PDF page 3

  12. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on cooperation between national authorities and the Commission in the enforcement of consumer protection laws in the Union, amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 and Regulations (EC) No 261/2004, (EC) No 1107/2006, (EC) No 1008/2008, (EU) No 1177/2010, (EU) No 181/2011, (EU) 2018/302 and (EU) 2021/782 and repealing Regulation (EU) 2017/2394, COM(2026)1120 final. PDF page 3

  13. As amended by Directive (EU) 2019/2161 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directives 98/6/EC, 2005/29/EC and 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the better enforcement and modernisation of Union consumer protection rules (OJ L 328, 18.12.2019, p. 7, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/2161/oj) and Directive (EU) 2024/825 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 February 2024 amending Directives 2005/29/EC and 2011/83/EU as regards empowering consumers for the green transition through better protection against unfair practices and through better information (OJ L, 2024/825, 6.3.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/825/oj). PDF page 4

  14. Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2017 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 (OJ L 345, 27.12.2017, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/2394/oj). PDF page 4

  15. Complementary application of the DSA and consumer law is demonstrated, for example, by the parallel Commission and CPC network actions regarding online marketplaces Temu and Shein. In these proceedings, the CPC network is addressing consumer protection issues such as fake discounts, pressure selling, forced gamification, missing and misleading information on consumers' legal rights, fake reviews and hidden contact details. PDF page 5

  16. See also the Subsidiarity Assessment Grid, SWD(2026) 1100 final. PDF page 6

  17. SWD(2026) 1101 final. PDF page 6

  18. Conclusions of 19 March 2026, point 36, d (ii), en-20260319-european-council-conclusions.pdf. PDF page 6

  19. COM(2026) 380 final. PDF page 6

  20. Digital fairness – fitness check on EU consumer law. PDF page 7

  21. Directive 2005/29/EC, Directive 2011/83/EU and Directive 93/13/EEC. PDF page 7

  22. European Commission, Impact of excessive screen time and social media on young people’s mental health, June 2026. The results show that 40 % of EU adolescents aged 13-18 years think they spend too much time on screens, and nearly one in three report feeling stressed, sad or socially excluded because of social media. The results of the Eurobarometer informed the work of the Special Panel as well as the proposed EU KIDS Act. It also has data on the share of adolescents feeling pressured to who experience promotion of unhealthy products on social media (25%) and pressure on how to look or what to buy (24%). PDF page 8

  23. Public consultation on the Digital Fairness Act - Factual summary report, December 2025. PDF page 8

  24. One large campaign was identified during the Public Consultation, involving 1,594 responses, all from consumers. Those replies were analysed separately. The 1,733 responses correspond to the replies outside of the campaign. PDF page 9

  25. Implementation dialogue on cross-border enforcement cooperation in the area of consumer law with Commissioner Michael McGrath - European Commission. PDF page 9

  26. SWD(2026) 1121 final. PDF page 9

  27. SEC(2026)1100. PDF page 9

  28. SWD(2026) 1101 final. PDF page 9

  29. Mental health effect estimates cannot be added up due to overlapping populations and synergies in addressing common drivers of harm. PDF page 11

  30. This also includes detriment for some practices not included in the baseline. PDF page 11

  31. Commission Notice - Guidance on the interpretation and application of Directive 2005/29/EC (OJ C 526, 29.12.2021, p. 1). PDF page 12

  32. Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and Decision No 1247/2002/EC (OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 39, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1725/oj). PDF page 13

Footnotes 33–60

  1. OJ C , , p. . PDF page 16

  2. Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Unfair Commercial Practices Directive’) (OJ L 149, 11.6.2005, p. 22, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2005/29/oj). PDF page 16

  3. Commission Staff Working Document, Fitness Check of EU consumer law on digital fairness, SWD(2024) 230 final, 3.10.2024. PDF page 17

  4. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj). PDF page 18

  5. Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) (OJ L 265, 12.10.2022, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/1925/oj). PDF page 18

  6. Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act) (OJ L 277, 27.10.2022, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj). PDF page 18

  7. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act) (OJ L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj). PDF page 18

  8. Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2010 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive) (Codified version) (OJ L 95, 15.4.2010, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2010/13/oj). PDF page 18

  9. Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services (OJ L 136, 22.5.2019, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/770/oj). PDF page 20

  10. Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 304, 22.11.2011, p. 64, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/83/oj). PDF page 23

  11. Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on promoting fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation services (OJ L 186, 11.7.2019, p. 57, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1150/oj). PDF page 23

  12. Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure (OJ L 157, 15.6.2016, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/943/oj). PDF page 23

  13. Regulation (EU) 2023/988 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 on general product safety, amending Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Directive (EU) 2020/1828 of the European Parliament and the Council, and repealing Directive 2001/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 87/357/EEC (OJ L 135, 23.5.2023, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/988/oj). PDF page 27

  14. Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on markets in crypto-assets, and amending Regulations (EU) No 1093/2010 and (EU) No 1095/2010 and Directives 2013/36/EU and (EU) 2019/1937 (OJ L 150, 9.6.2023, p. 40, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1114/oj). PDF page 29

  15. Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU (recast) (OJ L 173, 12.6.2014, p. 349, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/65/oj). PDF page 34

  16. Directive (EU) 2020/1828 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2020 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC (OJ L 409, 4.12.2020, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2020/1828/oj). PDF page 36

  17. Directive (EU) 2024/2853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on liability for defective products and repealing Council Directive 85/374/EEC (OJ L 2024/2853, 18.11.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2853/oj). PDF page 36

  18. Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (OJ L 124, 20.5.2003, p. 36, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reco/2003/361/oj). PDF page 37

  19. Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2017 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 (OJ L 345, 27.12.2017, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/2394/oj). PDF page 37

  20. Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and market surveillance relating to the marketing of products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 339/93 (OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/765/oj). PDF page 39

  21. Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and PDF page 39

  22. Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), repealing Regulation (EC) No 761/2001 and Commission Decisions 2001/681/EC and 2006/193/EC (OJ L 342, 22.12.2009, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/1221/oj). PDF page 40

  23. Regulation (EC) No 66/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the EU Ecolabel (OJ L 27, 30.1.2010, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2010/66/oj). PDF page 40

  24. Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (OJ L 336, 23.12.2015, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2015/2436/oj). PDF page 40

  25. Regulation (EU) 2017/1369 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2017 setting a framework for energy labelling and repealing Directive 2010/30/EU (OJ L 198, 28.7.2017, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/1369/oj). PDF page 41

  26. Directive (EU) 2019/771 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods, amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive 2009/22/EC, and repealing Directive 1999/44/EC (OJ L 136, 22.5.2019, p. 28, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/771/oj). PDF page 44

  27. OJ C 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/agree_interinstit/2016/512/oj. PDF page 47

  28. Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and Decision No 1247/2002/EC (OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 39, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1725/oj). PDF page 47